High-Voltage 12.5-V Backside-Illuminated CMOS Photovoltaic Mini-Modules

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This paper presents a high-voltage CMOS PV mini-module fabricated using a one-step LSR process. The proposed PV mini-module features adjustable (0.5 to 12.5V) open-circuit voltage and µA-scale short-circuit current in a small form factor with a specific open-circuit voltage &lt.Voc&gt. of 3.13 V mm2. Only 25 on-chip PV cells were serially connected in our proof-of-concept demonstration. however. the proposed LSR approach could be used to connect a large number of PV cells on a single chip in order to boost the output voltage without the need for additional processing steps or sacrificing device performance.