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A hierarchical control approach was proposed for optimal operation of greenhouses in the context of smart grids. which includes novel mathematical models for the optimal operation scheduling of greenhouse’ electricity. gas. and heat systems. Thus. optimization models were formulated to optimally operate supplementary lighting. CO2 generation. air circulation and ventilation. and heating and cooling systems in existing greenhouses control systems. The developed models incorporated weather forecasts. electricity price information. and the end-user preferences to minimize total energy costs and peak demand charges while considering important parameters of greenhouses climate control. The presented simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed model to reduce total energy costs while maintaining required operational constraints of a greenhouse. even in the presence of uncertainties.
